In a context of increasing globalization, marked by the intensification of trade in a more competitive environment, the port sector in Morocco and in the world, has become an important lever for development and competitiveness of a country. The Constitution is a product of modern nationalism and the struggle for independence, yet there was an early project for constitutional rule in 1908, on the eve of the Protectorate, which proposed limited controls on the sultan and was based on the idea that the Japanese, equipped with a constitution, had defeated the autocratic Russian empire in 1906. The top level of local government is the region. The Army’s main battle tanks are 220 US-made M6001A, although there are still 40 Soviet-era T-72 tanks on the books. … Please contact us in case of omissions concerning copyright-protected work. Benhlal makes important recommendations about political oversight, implementation of the rule of law and anti-corruption measures to ensure that these constitutional amendments will be more than a veil of good governance. The bicameral Parliament consists of the House of Representatives (395 members), elected for five years by direct universal suffrage, and the House of Councillors (with a maximum of 120 members), elected for six years by a complicated system of indirect elections by local councils, professional organizations, and labour unions. Despite criticisms that PAM is a political tool for the monarchy, the party came in second in the 2016 parliamentary elections, obtaining 102 seats. Constitutionality has a legitimizing role in Morocco, but so does monarchy. The Prime Minister and Cabinet are officially appointed by the King, but the government’s programme must be approved by a majority vote of the Chamber of Deputies after a debate in both parliamentary chambers. Second-level jurisdiction includes courts of appeal from the first-instance courts and criminal cases involving serious offences. The Police. In the 2016 elections, the results were close for the two main parties: the PJD won 125 of the 395 seats whereas the Authenticity and Modernity Party took 102. Comments are welcome: please provide comments to cignag@ebrd.com 2 This Report does not constitute legal advice. Only one-quarter of judicial trainees are women, and 90 percent are from the cities, although only 55 percent of the population is urban. Legal System Transport planes are largely US-made. In 2019, Morocco ranked 61 out of 137 countries included in the annual GFP review. Yet despite its relatively progressive orientation, the new Constitution maintains the monarch as the most important political actor, with his formal rights and legitimacy unchanged. In March 2017, the king appointed Saad Eddine el-Othmani, who is a member of PJD, to form the government. The backbone of policing is the Royal Gendarmerie, part of the Royal Armed Forces, which comes under the Ministry of the Interior when it acts as the administrative police and under the Ministry of Justice when it acts as the Judicial Police (Police Judiciare), investigating crimes, gathering evidence, and bringing alleged perpetrators to court. GIZ also provides support to its Moroccan partners in the fields of … The Government of Morocco has been criticized for a lack of effective resource governance, which has been mainly linked to an incomplete regulatory framework and insufficient disclosure policies (NRGI). Political Parties Morocco has one of the larger armed forces in the region but also one of the lowest budgets. One of the new constitutional provisions is that the regional councils should be elected by universal suffrage (Article 135): how could a democratically self-governing Western Sahara coexist with authoritarian Morocco? The first political parties were founded during the Protectorate, before World War II. In 2018, military expenditure accounted for 3.1 per cent of GDP, compared with 3.2 per cent in both 2017 and 2016, according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. Sultan Mohammed V was obliged to sign the Dahir, but it brought a storm of protest from Arab nationalists, who saw it as an attack on Islam, by degrading the Sharia. PDF | Land in Morocco constitutes a basic resource seen as the most profitable and assured investment for many investors. This would permit the operation of a local autonomy plan for the Western Sahara: the two Saharan provinces would be empowered to use local resources to develop the infrastructure and improve the economic conditions. According to Morocco’s Constitution, executive power is vested in the government, which consists of the Prime Minister and the Cabinet (Article 87). Most equipment has recently come from the United States; before that, the main supplier was France. On 19 June 2019, SIGMA organised in Rabat, Morocco – together with the Ministry of Administration Reform and Civil Service of Morocco – a joint OECD-EU high-level conference on public governance. This was a rolling process, and the final stage in 1930 saw the promulgation of the famous Berber Dahir, which was envisioned as a tidying-up process under which tribal qaids (administrators) would deal with minor criminal matters under French law and civil matters according to what the French defined as Berber customary law. Good governance is mainstreamed in all GIZ’s programmes in Morocco. Religious personal-status law was maintained as the responsibility of Sharia courts for Muslims and rabbinical courts for Jews. There are also specialized tribunals: a commercial court system that hears commercial cases involving large sums, with its own system of appeals; administrative courts that deal with initial cases involving the public authorities; independent audit courts that operate at the central and regional levels; and a separate Standing Tribunal of the Royal Armed Forces. A second generation of parties was founded between the late 1960s and early 1980s, the most repressive period of Hassan II’s rule. By bringing together a multitude of OECD instruments and expertise in different areas of public governance, the … The Open Government Review of Morocco is the first of its kind analysing a country’s open government policies and practices and their institutional and legal frameworks for implementation against OECD instruments. Regions are administered by a Wali (governor), appointed by the King, and a regional council, elected by direct universal suffrage. In this new paper, Mohamed Benhlal analyzes Morocco’s recent constitutional amendments, which seemed, on paper, to make significance progress towards good governance… The previous elections were held on 25 November 2011, but voter turnout was low (45 per cent), indicating the lack of trust in the electoral system. The Constitutional Court has the task of ensuring that laws passed by Parliament are in conformity with the Constitution. This was essentially the system adopted in the first Moroccan Constitution of 1962, but the Parliament was reduced to a single chamber for most of the 1970s and 1980s. Tensions are already mounting between the main political parties. Buy +/-/ 1000. In partnership with the General Directorate of Territorial Collectivities (DGCT) and the Association of Regions of Morocco (ARM), TASHAROC wishes to study the … Foreigners and their local agents were exempted from both Moroccan law and taxation, by the system of capitulations and placed under the jurisdiction of their national consuls, which allowed them to do business unfettered and behave badly. The Monarchy Interview with a Public Sector expert, Fabian Seiderer, on Governance in Morocco. Both chambers debate the government’s programme, but only the House of Representatives can vote it down. The law protects this rightâ. The United States Government, through USAID, is working closely with different political actors – political parties, government entities, civil society organizations (CSO), and civil society as a whole – to help them build their capacities, facilitate citizen participation, and ensure sustainable participatory governance. The person in this position serves as a secular leader as well as the Leader of the Faithful, a title often used by Muslim rulers to indicate direct relation to the Prophet Mohammed. As a political official, the … He could not resist European pressure and agreed to accept a protectorate, although the French authorities removed him as sultan. Women in particular are rarely aware of their rights. Overview of governance in Morocco: the monarchy, the executive, the legislative, the legal system, local government, military and police. The Ministry of Justice recognizes that the level of judicial competence is generally low, a consequence of the poor training of judges by the National Institute of Judicial Studies, which lacks staff and resources, and because of shortcomings in court internships. Mounting Tensions Between Moroccoâs Main Political Parties. April 9, 2013. The Bloc was banned in 1937 and replaced by two parties, one headed by Ouezzani and the other by al-Fassi. The Communist Party was legalized in 1937 and grew through the trade unions. Women were first recruited as uniformed officers in 1997. Link / Embed. Since independence, the civil- and criminal-law systems have been based on French, Spanish, and Islamic law, following French legal procedure. Morocco ; Home; RELATED. The acquired copyright protected images used on/as featured image of this page are: ©Hollandse Hoogte | ©Hollandse Hoogte | ©Fanack | ©Fanack | Fanack ©Fanack. Increasing European hegemony led religiously inspired nationalists to overthrow him and replace him with one of his brothers, Abdelhafid. The military forces’ extensive combat experience in the Western Sahara has given them operational expertise in desert warfare and combined air-land warfare. Moroccoâs military strength in 2019. Morocco. The Communist Party was banned in 1952 but resurrected in 1974, still with Ali Yata at its head, as the Party of Progress and Socialism (Parti du Progrès et Socialisme, PPS). A taoutiq judge (who handles notary issues and issues concerning minors), assisted by aduls (religiously-trained clerks), applies the personal law in the first-instance court. The main light tanks are French (AMX-13) and Austrian (SK-105 Kürassier). Because of its history, Morocco has a dual legal system, under which civil legislation, based on the French code system, defines contract, commercial, administrative, and criminal law and provides the bases of codes of civil and criminal procedure, while Islamic law provides the basic structure governing personal, family, and succession issues. Morocco is currently under the Alaouite Dynasty and each King since 1666 has belonged to the Alaouite family. The Open Government Review of Morocco is the first of its kind analysing a country’s open government policies and practices and their institutional and legal frameworks for implementation against OECD instruments. Parliament passes laws: legislative bills are submitted to both chambers, and if they do not adopt an identical text, the government sets up a joint committee with equal representation to establish it. Before the Protectorate began in 1912, Moroccan law was the Sharia, with the addition of regulations in particular areas based on a mixture of expediency and treaty agreements with foreign countries. Ministers can be questioned orally in both chambers, and a vote of no-confidence in the government can be passed. The conservative Independence Party trailed in third place with 43 seats. Avec 189 États membres, des collaborateurs issus de plus de 170 pays et plus de 130 antennes à travers le monde, le Groupe de la Banque mondiale est un partenariat sans équivalent : cinq institutions œuvrant de concert à la recherche de solutions durables pour réduire la pauvreté et favoriser le partage de la prospérité dans les … But individuals did not, in the end, ‘disappear’, and the repression was focused, not generalized. Each of Morocco’s first five constitutions since independence began the same way: ‘Morocco is a constitutional democratic and social monarchy.’ The sixth Constitution in 2011 added the word ‘parliamentary’: ‘Le Maroc est une monarchie constitutionnelle, démocratique, parlementaire et sociale.’ The monarchy is very old: the current dynasty dates back to the mid-17th century and is the oldest surviving ruling family in the Arab countries. A bicameral system was only reintroduced in the 1996 Constitution. The national civilian police force is the National Security (Sûreté Nationale), which is an armed force of about 60,000, under the Ministry of the Interior. The Transition Fund was launched at the WB-IMF last annual meetings in Tokyo by the G8 Deauville … Such a research faces methodological and practical impediments stemming from the paucity of information on funding and other governance … Similarly, although defendants are presumed innocent and have a legal right to a fair public trial with right of appeal, this is not always the case in practice, especially in political cases involving those protesting the incorporation of the Western Sahara. The underlying reason seems to have been to provide a possible solution to the Western Sahara question. The most important subdivision of the MP turned out to be the MCPD, which merged with an Islamist party, Reform and Renewal (Réforme et Renouvellement), led by Abdelilah Benkirane in June 1996 (in 1998 the name was changed to PJD). Transparency and open budget, the true stakes in Morocco’s governance reform; BLOG. Other posts, especially in the economic field, are filled by the King. In this new paper, Mohamed Benhlal analyzes Moroccoâs recent constitutional amendments, which seemed, on paper, to make significance progress towards good governance. Morocco is a monarchy, and has been ruled by members of the Alaouite dynasty since the beginning of the 17th century. In August 2015, Morocco signed a deal with Russia to purchase its first submarine, an Amur-1650, worth $340 million. Morocco is the world’s largest exporter of phosphate, which is an industry controlled by the royal family and by the elite who monopolize larger, multi-sector industries and who are close associates of the mon…
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