Flag of Indonesia (bordered).svg [178] The country has substantial energy resources, including 22 billion barrels (3.5 billion cubic metres) of conventional oil and gas reserves (of which about 4 billion barrels are recoverable), 8 billion barrels of oil-equivalent of coal-based methane (CBM) resources, and 28 billion tonnes of recoverable coal. [208] As of 2017, about 54.7% of the population lives in urban areas. [303], Like other developing countries, Indonesia began development of the Internet in the early 1990s. [252][253], Education is compulsory for 12 years. The capital of West Java, Paris van Java, Surabaya banner.jpg Most belong to the Austronesian language family, while there are over 270 Papuan languages spoken in eastern Indonesia. Je m'inscris ! [224], While the constitution stipulates religious freedom,[225][115] the government officially recognises only six religions: Islam, Protestantism, Roman Catholicism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism;[226][227] with indigenous religions only partly acknowledged. [189] Indonesia has also joined the South Korean programme to manufacture the fifth-generation jet fighter KAI KF-X. Avec iDGarages.com comparez parmi 4000 garages et réservez au meilleur prix ! [160] Historically, it has been weighted heavily towards agriculture, reflecting both its stage of economic development and government policies in the 1950s and 1960s to promote agricultural self-sufficiency. [105] They predict that unreduced emissions would see an average temperature rise of around 1 °C (2 °F) by mid-century,[106][107] amounting to almost double the frequency of scorching days (above 35 °C or 95 °F) per year by 2030. The country's largest dam, Jatiluhur, has several purposes including the provision of hydroelectric power generation, water supply, flood control, irrigation and aquaculture. [204] The population density is 138 people per km2 (357 per sq mi), ranking 88th in the world,[205] although Java has a population density of 1,067 people per km2 (2,435 per sq mi). As with the arts, Indonesian architecture has absorbed foreign influences that have brought cultural changes and profound effect on building styles and techniques. Indo Internet began operation in Jakarta in 1994. In his 1869 book, The Malay Archipelago, Wallace described numerous species unique to the area. [198], Nature and culture are prime attractions of Indonesian tourism. Most Indonesians also speak at least one of more than 700 local languages,[3] often as their first language. [269] LGBT issues have recently gained attention in Indonesia. [227][230] Almost 11% of Indonesians are Christians, while the rest are Hindus, Buddhists, and others. [104], Several studies consider Indonesia to be at severe risk from the projected effects of climate change. [200], The 2010 census recorded Indonesia's population as 237.6 million, the fourth largest in the world, with high population growth at 1.9%. Date: 31 December 2012, 13:49:39: Source: Author: Yves, Mutichou, Yug: Licensing. Another major grouping is the Melanesians, who inhabit eastern Indonesia (the Maluku Islands and Western New Guinea). Since then, the president is elected for a five-year term, as are the party-aligned members of the DPR and the non-partisan DPD. Partie indonésienne de l'île de Bornéo, Kalimantan est une île mystérieuse qui ouvre au dépaysement avec son mode de vie ancestral, ses anciennes forêts et ses ourangs-outans. [28][29], From the seventh century CE, the Srivijaya naval kingdom flourished as a result of trade and the influences of Hinduism and Buddhism. Lambang Indonesia, Coat of arms of the People's Representative Council of Indonesia.svg [156] The services are the economy's largest sector and account for 43.4% of GDP (2018), followed by industry (39.7%) and agriculture (12.8%). N'hésitez pas à nous écrire. Other courts include the Constitutional Court (Mahkamah Konstitusi) that listens to constitutional and political matters and the Religious Court (Pengadilan Agama) that deals with codified Islamic Law (sharia) cases. Découvrez l’Indonésie comme vous ne l’avez jamais vue ! Most of the railways are in Java, used for both freight and passenger transport, such as local commuter rail services complementing the inter-city rail network in several cities. [221] Historically, they constituted only a tiny fraction of the native population and continue to do so today. English: Indonesia is the largest archipelago country in the world as well as the fourth most populous country in the world after the United States. Indonesia's expenditure on science and technology is relatively low, at less than 0.1% of GDP (2017). [152][153], Indonesia has a mixed economy in which both the private sector and government play vital roles. photo gallery . [74], The spread of the population is uneven throughout the archipelago with a varying habitat and level of development, ranging from the megacity of Jakarta to uncontacted tribes in Papua. [149][150] The former was resolved peacefully in 2005,[70] while the latter continues, amid a significant, albeit imperfect, implementation of regional autonomy laws, and a reported decline in the levels of violence and human rights abuses since 2004. In 2017, rendang was chosen as the "World's Most Delicious Food" by the CNN Travel reader's choice. Indonesia's largest rivers are in Kalimantan and New Guinea and include Kapuas, Barito, Mamberamo, Sepik and Mahakam. Raya Masni - Prafi, Aska, West-Papua, 98357, Indonesien, Gunung Merapi, Banyuwangi, Ost-Java, Indonesien, Banjarnegara, Zentral-Java, 53412, Indonesien, Mandailing Natal, Nord-Sumatra, 22919, Indonesien, Surakarta, Kecamatan Pasar Kliwon, Zentral-Java, 57129, Indonesien, Kota Yogyakarta, Sonderregion Yogyakarta, Indonesien, Sorikmarapi, Mandailing Natal, Nord-Sumatra, Indonesien. [235] The Sundanese kingdom of Salakanagara in western Java around 130 was the first historically recorded Indianised kingdom in the archipelago. [302] The television market includes several national commercial networks and provincial networks that compete with public TVRI, which held a monopoly on TV broadcasting from 1962 to 1989. [295] Modern performing art also developed in Indonesia with their distinct style of drama. [310][311] Literature and poetry flourished during the decades leading up to and after independence. [166] In 2011, the country regained the investment grade rating it had lost in 1997. The capital of East Java, Semarang Wikivoyage banner.jpg The temples of Borobudur and Prambanan are among the most famous examples of the practice.[282]. Coordinates: 5°S 120°E / 5°S 120°E / -5; 120. Belawan, Boat pelabuhanratu.jpg [181] Indonesia has set out to achieve 23% use of renewable energy by 2025 and 31% by 2050. Indonesia is the world's largest island country and the 14th-largest country by land area, at 1,904,569 square kilometres (735,358 square miles). In the 1970s, Indonesia became the first developing country to operate a satellite system called Palapa,[191] a series of communication satellites owned by Indosat Ooredoo. [243][244] Its spread faced difficulty due to the VOC policy of banning the religion and the Dutch hostility due to the Eighty Years' War against Catholic Spain's rule. This situation creates a gap in wealth, unemployment rate, and health between densely populated islands and economic centres (such as Sumatra and Java) and sparsely populated, disadvantaged areas (such as Maluku and Papua). Indonesian Rupiah proclamation of independence 1945.png Numerous attempts by the United States and the Soviet Union,[131][132] and China to some degree,[133] culminated in the 1965 coup attempt and subsequent upheaval that led to a reorientation of foreign policy. [99] While it can generate wealth for local communities, it may degrade ecosystems and cause social problems. [299] Production of films peaked during the 1980s, although it declined significantly in the next decade. They have had a significant impact on how other faiths are practised, evidenced by a large proportion of people—such as the Javanese abangan, Balinese Hindus, and Dayak Christians—practising a less orthodox, syncretic form of their religion.[234]. Explorez les merveilles de Java, les plages sauvages de Nusa Tenggara avant de partir à l’aventure en Papouasie ou au Kalimantan ! Though no longer a majority, Hinduism and Buddhism remain defining influences in Indonesian culture. [322] In motorsport, Rio Haryanto became the first Indonesian to compete in Formula One in 2016. It is believed to have caused a global volcanic winter and cooling of the climate, and subsequently led to a genetic bottleneck in human evolution, though this is still in debate. [212] Most Indonesians are descended from Austronesian peoples whose languages had origins in Proto-Austronesian, which possibly originated in what is now Taiwan. Criques, lacs,sentiers…Chaque région de France est unique. Despite often displaying local ingenuity, Indonesian arts have absorbed foreign influences—most notably from India, the Arab world, China and Europe, as a result of contacts and interactions facilitated, and often motivated, by trade. Forte de son indépendance culturelle, cette île est un pays à elle seule ! [113], The highest representative body at the national level is the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat, MPR). Large species such as the Sumatran tiger, rhinoceros, orangutan, Asian elephant, and leopard were once abundant as far east as Bali, but numbers and distribution have dwindled drastically. [72] According to the country's Coordinating Ministry for Maritime and Investments Affairs, Indonesia has 17,504 islands (16,056 of which are registered at the UN),[73] scattered over both sides of the equator, around 6,000 of which are inhabited. Merci ! Hindu influences reached the archipelago as early as the first century CE. [76] Indonesia has two seasons—a wet season and a dry season—with no extremes of summer or winter. Usmar Ismail, who made significant imprints in the 1950s and 1960s, is generally considered to be the pioneer of Indonesian films. In 2016, the transport sector generated about 5.2% of GDP. More cooling climate types do exist in mountainous regions that are 1,300 to 1,500 metres (4,300 to 4,900 feet) above sea level. Indonesia is one the country with the most volcanoes in the world, Pemandangan Merbabu dari Kota Salatiga (1).jpg [74], In 1930, Dutch and other Europeans (Totok), Eurasians, and derivative people like the Indos, numbered 240,000 or 0.4% of the total population. Merbabu with ricefields at the foreground, Puncakjaya.jpg Puncak Jaya, highest peak in Indonesia, Galunggung eruption 1982.jpeg Indonesia (/ˌɪndəˈniːʒə/ (listen) IN-də-NEE-zhə), officially the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesian: Republik Indonesia [reˈpublik ɪndoˈnesia] (listen)),[a] is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania, between the Indian and Pacific oceans. Indonesien. [citation needed], Some regions, such as Kalimantan and Sumatra, experience only slight differences in rainfall and temperature between the seasons, whereas others, such as Nusa Tenggara, experience far more pronounced differences with droughts in the dry season, and floods in the wet. Pour ne rien manquer des nouveautés et des informations indispensables pour vos déplacements. Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan (Bureau of Financial Analysis), Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia insignia.svg Devis en gratuit en ligne et RDV immédiat. The Hindu Majapahit kingdom was founded in eastern Java in the late 13th century, and under Gajah Mada, its influence stretched over much of present-day Indonesia. [147], Since independence, the country has struggled to maintain unity against local insurgencies and separatist movements. [151] Other engagements of the army include the campaign against the Netherlands New Guinea to incorporate the territory into Indonesia, the Konfrontasi to oppose the creation of Malaysia, the mass killings of PKI, and the invasion of East Timor, which remains Indonesia's most massive military operation. [107] Rising sea levels, at current rates, would result in tens of millions of households being at risk of submersion by mid-century. [169], Indonesia's transport system has been shaped over time by the economic resource base of an archipelago, and the distribution of its 250 million people highly concentrated on Java. [86] The latter produced the loudest sound in recorded history and caused 36,000 deaths due to the eruption itself and the resulting tsunamis, with significant additional effects around the world years after the event. The debt ratio to GDP is 29.2%. Coins de paradis où rizières émeraude époustouflantes, vagues de rêve et shopping ne sont qu’une infirme partie du charme caractéristique de Bali. [111] Chief among them is the delegation of power and authority to various regional entities while remaining a unitary state. [287] Examples include war dances, a dance of witch doctors, and dance to call for rain or any agricultural rituals such as Hudoq. It hands out the Citra Award, the film industry's most prestigious award. [283] Examples include Toraja's Tongkonan, Minangkabau's Rumah Gadang and Rangkiang, Javanese style Pendopo pavilion with Joglo style roof, Dayak's longhouses, various Malay houses, Balinese houses and temples, and also different forms of rice barns (lumbung). In all legislative elections since the fall of the New Order, no political party has managed to win an overall majority of seats. [232], The natives of the Indonesian archipelago originally practised indigenous animism and dynamism, beliefs that are common to Austronesian people. S více než čtvrt miliardou obyvatel jde o čtvrtý nejlidnatější stát světa a rovněž o stát s největším počtem obyvatel hlásících se k islámu.Státním zřízením země je republika s voleným prezidentem a parlamentem.Hlavním městem Indonésie je Jakarta. Indonesien erstreckt sich in nord-südlicher Ausdehnung von 5° 54’ 08” nördlicher Breite bis 11° 08’ 20” südlicher Breite über 1882 km, in west-östlicher Ausdehnung von 95° 00’ 38” bis 141° 01’ 12” östlicher Länge über 5114 km. ", "Palm Oil and Land Acquisition in Indonesia: Implications for Local Communities and Indigenous People", "Evaluating Indonesia's Progress on its Climate Commitments", 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22710912A94267053.en, "Extinction crisis escalates: Red List shows apes, corals, vultures, dolphins all in danger", 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T19495A8925965.en, Impact of Climate Change on ASEAN International Affairs: Risk and Opportunity Multiplier, "Climate Change in Indonesia: Implications for Humans and Nature", "Report: Flooded Future: Global vulnerability to sea level rise worse than previously understood", "Jakarta, the fastest-sinking city in the world", "Indonesia: Climate Risk and Adaptation Country Profile", "Indonesia: General elections test the amended Constitution and the new Constitutional Court", "The 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia", "Governor of Jakarta Receives His Party's Nod for President", "New election bill, new hope for democracy", "Explaining the 2019 simultaneous elections", "House Agrees on Creation of Indonesia's 34th Province: 'North Kalimantan, "Indonesia Law No. In 2016, Warkop DKI Reborn: Jangkrik Boss Part 1 smashed box office records, becoming the most-watched Indonesian film with 6.8 million tickets sold. Indonesia currently holds ten items of UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage, including a wayang puppet theatre, kris, batik,[275] pencak silat, angklung, and the three genres of traditional Balinese dance. The almost uniformly warm waters that constitute 81% of Indonesia's area ensure that temperatures on land remain relatively constant. [69] A political settlement to an armed separatist conflict in Aceh was achieved in 2005 following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami that killed 130,000 Indonesians. [118] Additionally, the Judicial Commission (Komisi Yudisial) monitors the performance of judges. [98], Expansion of the palm oil industry requiring significant changes to the natural ecosystems is the one primary factor behind much of Indonesia's deforestation. Die Gewalt erreichte ihren Höhepunkt in den Tagen vom 12. bis zum 14. "Kropak 406; Carita Parahyangan dan Fragmen Carita Parahyangan", Makalah disampaikan dalam Kegiatan Bedah Naskah Kuna yang diselenggarakan oleh Balai Pengelolaan Museum Negeri Sri Baduga. [289] Each province has a representation of traditional attire and dress,[273] such as Ulos of Batak from North Sumatra; Songket of Malay and Minangkabau from Sumatra; and Ikat of Sasak from Lombok. Catholicism was brought by Portuguese traders and missionaries such as Jesuit Francis Xavier, who visited and baptised several thousand locals. Chapter II, Article 3, 3rd Clause of the 1945 Constitution. Boats in Padang Bai, Lombok, Juanda Airport.jpg Vous pouvez à tout moment utiliser le lien de désabonnement intégré dans la newsletter. Indonesia's largest airport, Soekarno–Hatta International Airport is the busiest in the Southern Hemisphere, serving 66 million passengers in 2018. [94], British naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace described a dividing line (Wallace Line) between the distribution of Indonesia's Asian and Australasian species. It is usually performed for traditional ceremonies and festivals,[294][295] and based on semi-historical Minangkabau legends and love story. [222] The small minorities that can speak it or Dutch-based creole languages fluently are the aforementioned ethnic groups and descendants of Dutch colonisers. In highland areas near the tropical monsoon and tropical savanna climates, the subtropical highland climate (Köppen Cwb) is prevalent with a more pronounced dry season. Rainfall varies across regions, with more in western Sumatra, Java, and the interiors of Kalimantan and Papua, and less in areas closer to Australia, such as Nusa Tenggara, which tend to be dry. [107] It would also encourage diseases and increases in wildfires, which threaten the country's enormous rainforest. Français : Carte des fuseaux horaires en Indonésie. Each has a legislature (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah, DPRD) and an elected governor. [305] Most are between the ages of 15 and 19 and depend primarily on mobile phones for access, outnumbering both laptops and computers. [276], Indonesian arts include both age-old art forms developed through centuries and a recently developed contemporary art. [85] The 1815 eruption of Mount Tambora and the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa were among the largest in recorded history. Clockwise from top: A, sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFVickers2005 (, sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFTaylor2003 (, harvnb error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFTaylor2003 (, harvnb error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFRicklefs1991 (, sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFRicklefs1991 (, sfn error: multiple targets (3×): CITEREFFriend2003 (. [262] Nevertheless, Indonesia continues to face challenges that include maternal and child health, low air quality, malnutrition, high rate of smoking, and infectious diseases. Wayang, the Javanese, Sundanese, and Balinese shadow puppet theatre display several mythological legends such as Ramayana and Mahabharata. [62][63][64][65] In 1999, East Timor seceded from Indonesia, following its 1975 invasion by Indonesia[66] and a 25-year occupation that was marked by international condemnation of human rights abuses. [127] Jakarta is the only city granted a provincial government due to its position as the capital of Indonesia. Bendera Indonesia, National emblem of Indonesia Garuda Pancasila.svg [171], The road transport system is predominant, with a total length of 542,310 kilometres (336,980 miles) as of 2018[update]. Um Ihre Anmeldung abzuschließen, klicken Sie einfach auf den Link in der E-Mail, die wir Ihnen soeben geschickt haben. Gerhard Bowering et al., The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, Princeton University Press, second-most populous urban area in the world, The earliest evidence of Islamized populations, first direct presidential election in 2004, Coordinating Ministry for Maritime and Investments Affairs, International Union for Conservation of Nature, most extended bus rapid transit system in the world, National Institute of Aeronautics and Space, sizable Jewish presence in the archipelago, ten items of UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage, "Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Twenty-first edition", "Nationality, Ethnicity, Religion, and Languages of Indonesians", "Statistik Umat Menurut Agama di Indonesia", United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, "GINI index (World Bank estimate) – Indonesia", "Evidence on the age of the Asian Hominidae", "Dutch Attitudes towards Colonial Empires, Indigenous Cultures, and Slaves", 20.500.11755/c467167b-2084-413c-a3c7-f390f9b3a092, "Indonesia: World War II and the Struggle for Independence, 1942–50; The Japanese Occupation, 1942–45", "40 Years Later: The Mass Killings in Indonesia", "Unresolved Problems in the Indonesian Killings of 1965–1966", "Indonesia massacres: Declassified US files shed new light", "Indonesia: from showcase to basket case", "East Timor Revisited, Ford, Kissinger, and the Indonesian Invasion, 1975–76", "Situation of human rights in East Timor", "The Carter Center 2004 Indonesia Election Report", "A Child of the Slum Rises as President of Indonesia", "16,000 Indonesian islands registered at UN", "Climate: Observations, projections and impacts", "Indonesia and Climate Change: Current Status and Policies", "Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution", "Volcanic activity and environment: Impacts on agriculture and use of geological data to improve recovery processes", "Early Humans May Have Lived Through A Supervolcano Eruption", "The Eruption of Krakatoa Was the First Global Catastrophe", "Meet The 10 Megadiverse Countries In The World", "Indonesia's Natural Wealth: The Right of a Nation and Her People", "A Naturalist's Guide to the Tropics, excerpt", "Coral reef destruction spells humanitarian disaster", "Deforestation in Indonesia and the Orangutan Population", "Can Indonesia increase palm oil output without destroying its forest?
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