This last corresponds to a master's degree in law and offers a specialization in commercial and trade law. Tholey and the communes around Sierck-les-Bains were still to be ceded as agreed in 1814, but the south of the Sarre department with Saarbrücken was withdrawn from France. With the return of Alsace-Lorraine to France in 1919, many in central government assumed that the recovered territories would be subject to French law. The small and medium enterprises contribute most to the industrial development of the department. Inhabitants of the department are known as Mosellans. When the Second World War was declared on September 3, 1939 around 30% of Moselle's territory lay between the Maginot Line and the German frontier. The population has remained relatively stable since World War II and now exceeds 1 million, located mostly in the urban area around Metz and along the river Moselle. Moselle was returned to French governance in 1945 with the same frontiers as in 1919. In 2006, 700,000 tourists visited the sites of interest in the department (museums, castles, religious monuments, gardens and caves). France thus became a net beneficiary of the Treaty of Paris: all the new territories ceded to her being far larger and more strategic than the few territories ceded to Austria. It is part of the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region and bordered by the rivers Saône and Rhône. The current Moselle department, whose limits were set in 1919, had less population, with only 1,023,447 inhabitants. It is fed by three smaller rivers: the Reyssouze (76 km), the Veyle (68 km) and the Chalaronne (52 km). As a result of German aggression during the war, the French Government actively discouraged the German heritage of the region, and the local German Lorraine Franconian dialects ceased to be used in the public realm. This capital is often the largest city of the department. 15,000 hunters are registered in the departments, 3,000 to 4,000 of whom hunt in the Dombes, one of the best hunting regions for water birds in France. Following a treaty concluded in 1559 at Savoy, the territory of Ain was restored to the Duke of Savoy who immediately started fortifying it. This is because the industrial area of Briey and Longwy lost in 1871 is more populated than the rural areas of Château-Salins and Sarrebourg gained in 1919. The department of Val-de-Marne has the number 94 and is divided into 3 districts, 49 townships and 47 municipalities. About a quarter of all industry employees are working in this sector. They are divided into 343 districts ("arrondissements"), 4 058 townships ("cantons") and 36 699 towns ("communes"). The Moselle department ceased to exist on May 18, 1871, and the eastern four-fifths of Moselle was annexed to Germany merged with the also German-annexed eastern third of the Meurthe Department into the German Department of Lorraine, based in Metz, within the newly established Imperial State of Alsace-Lorraine. Instead, Meurthe-et-Moselle was left untouched, and the annexed part of Lorraine (Bezirk Lothringen) was reconstituted as the new department of Moselle. After much discussion and uncertainty, Paris accepted in 1924 that pre-existing German law would apply in certain fields, notably hunting, economic life, local government relationships, health insurance, and social rights. The total farming surface of the department amounts to 268,361 ha, containing 150,917 ha arable farm land and 118,000 plant cultures (range land, viticulture, fruit meadows, tree nurseries). In Bellignat is the polytechnic for plastics engineering. The President of the Departemental Council is Damien Abad (UMP) since the 2015 French departmental elections. Ain was subdivided into nine districts, 49 cantons (now 23 cantons) and 501 communes. Counting more than 12,900 employees, the public works sector represents a significant share of the department's economy. "Language, Regional Identity and the Failure of the Left in the Moselle Département, 1871-1936. During these years more than 10,000 Mosellans were deported to camps, many to the Sudetenland, for publicly opposing the annexation.[2]. The value of the departments agricultural production reaches 545 million €. Gex belongs geographically to the Lake Geneva basin. Inhabitants of the department are known as Mosellans. In the 11th century the Counts of Savoy and Valromey settled in the region of Belley. The department of Ain consists of 4 arrondissements, 23 cantons and 408 communes. The population has grown from 471,019 inhabitants in 1990 to 515,207 in 1999 and 565,000 in 2006 (estimates of the French statistics office INSEE). Ain is a department of geographic contrasts. During the first French Consulate (1802) the districts were abolished. The department of Seine-Maritime has the number 76 and is divided into 3 districts, 69 townships and 745 municipalities. According to its five constituencies, the département of Ain sends five representatives to the French National Assembly. Moselle is part of the current region of Grand Est and is surrounded by the French departments of Meurthe-et-Moselle and Bas-Rhin, as well as Germany (states of Saarland and Rhineland-Palatinate) and Luxembourg in the north. The first big fiefdoms ("seigneuries") emerge between 895 and 900 in Bâgé-le-Châtel, which formed the nucleus of the pays of Bresse, and in Coligny. In 1790, during the French Revolution, the departments of Ain and Léman were created. Within the sector, the production is of particular importance, followed by the construction, the services and the alimentary sector. (PhD Diss. It had four arrondissements: Metz, Briey, Sarreguemines, and Thionville. Moselle is one of the original 83 departments created during the French Revolution on March 4, 1790. Rodemack, one of the most beautiful villages of France, This article is about the French department. Moselle (French pronunciation: [mɔzɛl] (listen)) is the most populous department in Lorraine, in the east of France, and is named after the river Moselle, a tributary of the Rhine, which flows through the western part of the department. 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Due to the diversity of the activities of these industries and their dispersion over the whole department, polarisation effects similar to those in the plastics sector have not yet been observed. The Congress of Vienna dissolved the department of Léman and assigned the arrondissement Gex to the department of Ain. After the weakening of these industries at the end of the 20th century, the department has tried to promote new economic activities based on industry and technology, such as the Cattenom Nuclear Power Plant. Thus, by the end of 1815, the Moselle department finally had the limits that it would keep until 1871. The Menhir of Pierrefiche [fr] in Simandre-sur-Suran, Ain, dates from the mid-Neolithic era, in the fourth or third millennium BC and it is the sole menhir in Burgundy. The Royal Monastery of Brou in Bourg-en-Bresse, Medieval farm of Saint-Trivier-de-Courtes, Pérouges, one of the most beautiful villages of France. The busy transport axes to Italy and Switzerland crisscross the valleys. Moselle has numerous chateaux, manors, and fortified manors, dating largely from the 17th and 18th centuries, many of which are partially destroyed. The region was long considered a march between Alsace and the north, remaining relatively poor until the 19th century, and was consequently less urbanized and populous than other regions at the time. For the major European river, see, Current National Assembly Representatives, Union of Protestant Churches of Alsace and Lorraine, Church of Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine, Arrondissement of Sarrebourg-Château-Salins, formal separation between church and state, Arrondissements of the Moselle department, Site sur la Population et les Limites Administratives de la France, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moselle_(department)&oldid=973731396, Articles to be expanded from December 2008, Geography articles needing translation from French Wikipedia, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with French-language sources (fr), Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat identifiers, Grand Est region articles needing translation from French Wikipedia, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. After the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870–71, almost all of the Moselle department, along with Alsace and portions of the Meurthe and Vosges departments, went to the German Empire by the Treaty of Frankfurt on the grounds that most of the population in those areas spoke German dialects. The nuclear power plant in the Bugey produces about 4,2% of French electricity, employs more than 1,350 workers and secures moreover numerous employments in the enterprises of the supply chain. However, the majority of the vineyards could no longer be cultivated, and disappeared. It will reduce the actual travel time between Paris and Geneva by another 20 minutes. Eastern Moselle has preserved a number of local traditions, notably the Kirb festivals celebrated in October in rural areas, Mardi Gras parades in Sarreguemines, and the August mirabelle festival in Metz which includes a variety of cultural activities. The commercial sector comprises 5,861 enterprises including 717 wholesalers and distributors (12,2%), 539 automobile dealers and garages as well as 1,643 retailers and repair businesses (28%) (source: Chamber of Industry and Commerce of Ain, 2006). The river Saône represents the western border of the department. [1] 302,732 people, around 45% of the department's population, were evacuated to departments in central and western France during September 1939. miles), larger than the old Moselle because the areas of Château-Salins and Sarrebourg were far larger than the area of Briey and Longwy. In 1793, France annexed the enclaves of Manderen, Lixing-lès-Rouhling, Momerstroff, and Créhange (Kriechingen) – all possessions of princes of the Duchy of Luxemburg – a state of the Holy Roman Empire, and incorporated them into the Moselle département. One major difference with French law is the absence of the formal separation between church and state: several mainstream denominations of the Christian church as well as the Jewish faith[8] benefit from state funding, despite principles applied rigorously in the rest of France. Last but not least, the railway network is of great importance, in particular the TGV-connections Paris-Geneva (with a stop in Bellegarde-sur-Valserine) and Paris-Lyon (passing by the Saône valley). The diversified agriculture (cattle and poultry breeding, milk and milk products, cereals, vegetables and viticulture) generates products of national and international reputation. The department of Seine-Maritime is located in the region of region of Haute-Normandie. During the Franco-Savoyard War of 1600–1601 Henri IV of France reconquered the region, though the citadel of Bourg remained impregnable. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. The "Plastics Valley" comprises 10% of France's plastics industry which constitutes the highest concentration of plastics enterprises in Europe. In 1272, when Sibylle de Bâgé, sole heir, married Amadeus V, Count of Savoy, they added the Bresse to their domains, and – by the Treaties of Paris in 1355 – the territories of Dauphiné and Gex on the right bank of the Rhône. In addition to a well-developed transport network of former national roads, which were transferred to the department in 2007, the Department of Ain is crisscrossed by 220 km of highway. In Dombes, pisciculture assumes greater importance as does wine making in Bugey. The industrial tissue of the department of Ain is also a result of its metal processing (cables, wire drawing, electrical wires) and engineering industry (automobile industry, France's most important site for truck production) as shows the presence of several major companies in this sector (Tréfileurope, Alcatel Cables, Renault Trucks). The pillars of the agro-industry are an efficient agriculture providing for a significant number of high quality products as well as the presence of several leading companies of this branch. At Alimentec, altogether 700 students attend courses. Its main tributaries are the Suran (50 km) and notably the river Ain (190 km) which is fed itself by 118 small rivers and creeks. The department of Loire is located in the region of region of Rhône-Alpes. The Opéra-Théâtre de Metz, is the oldest active theater in France and has continuously operated from the 18th century. In the east the mountain chain of the southern Jura overlooks the plain of Bresse. The inhabitants of the department are called Mosellans in French. The oldest organ in the department dates is in the cathedral Saint-Étienne de Metz and dates from 1537. This increase is primarily due to a positive migration balance testifying the department's attractiveness. With an unemployment rate of only 5% (compared to 7% in the region Rhône-Alpes and 8% in France), a close-meshed tissue of 11,500 small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and a fast-growing, export-oriented economy, mainly to Germany, Italy and Spain, the department of Ain is … At the beginning of the 16th century the Duchy of Savoy was at the peak of its power and Ain was inherited by Margaret of Habsburg, the widow of Philibert II, Duke of Savoy. More than 4000 km of transport routes serve the department. Although it is headquartered just across the border in Geneva, Switzerland, most of CERN's Large Hadron Collider lies in parts of several communes in the Arrondissement of Gex in Ain. Metz also has a number of concert halls that offer diverse events such as comedy shows and symphony orchestras. The department was hit particularly hard during the war: the American bombardments in the spring of 1944 caused widespread collateral damage; 23% of the communes in Moselle were 50% destroyed, and 8% of the communes were than 75% destroyed.[3]. in recent years efforts there has been a revival of the old dialects and distinct Franco-German culture of the region with the onset of open borders between France and Germany as members of the European Union's Schengen Treaty. Ain now belonged to Burgundy. miles). Construction of the Barrage de Génissiat started in 1937. It was slightly smaller than at its creation in 1790, the incorporation of the Austrian enclaves not compensating for the loss of Saarlouis, Rehlingen, Tholey, and the communes around Sierck-les-Bains. Thionville is home to the NEST (Nord-Est Théâtre). The Conseil départemental de la Moselle created an "Organ Trail" to display a number of the department's 650 organs, many of which were built in the area and have historic significance. Over the past twenty years the Conseil départemental de la Moselle has encouraged the development of tourism in the department. One of its first prefects was the comte de Vaublanc, from 1805 to 1814. During the winter 2006/2007 winter sports activity was strongly restrained by the lack of snow. The hotel and hospitality sector counts about 1,100 establishments (hotels, camping grounds, bed and breakfast (so-called "gîtes"), holiday apartments, guest rooms etc.). The environment has undergone heavy industrialization linked to iron deposits in Lorraine, which have artificialized valleys and river banks. With a total of 22,973 employees and 9,000 self-employed persons the commercial sector contributes significantly to the overall employment in the department (source: Chamber of Industry and Commerce of Ain, 2006). The average population density is 97 inhabitants/km2 (Rhône-Alpes: 136; France: 112). The following are the most important rivers: The department is geographically organized around the Moselle valley. Three of them are members of the right-wing The Republicans (formerly UMP) the remaining two are members of La République En Marche!.[4]. In the 19th century, Moselle's economy was characterized by heavy industry, especially steel and iron works. Questions of environmental degradation were politicized at the end of the 19th century. Within the sector, services for enterprises represent 32,2% of the employees. In the 12th century the Romanesque architecture prospered. In spite of the June 22, 1940 armistice, Moselle was again annexed by Germany in July of that year by becoming part of the Gau Westmark. The future development of the building sector benefits from the department's economic and demographic growth. Each department has a capital city or prefecture department which includes its institutions. The Revolution did not claim many victims in the department, but it destroyed numerous valuable historical monuments. The Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Moselle created the "Achat-Moselle" website in the 2000s to address issues of e-commerce and in-person commerce. Bismarck omitted only one-fifth of Moselle (the arrondissement of Briey in the extreme west of the department) from annexation, (Bismarck later regretted his decision when it was discovered that the region of Briey and Longwy had rich iron-ore deposits.) A significant minority of inhabitants of the department (fewer than 100,000) speak a German dialect known as platt lorrain or Lothringer Platt (see Lorraine Franconian and Linguistic boundary of Moselle). The Curé of Ars became famous. Abbeys of the order of Saint Benedict were established in the valleys. The Treaty of Lyon of 17 January 1601 finally ended the conflict. More than 9,000 handcraft businesses in the department of Ain highlight the particular economic importance of this sector. Since 2003 the services branch employs more people than any other economic sector. The creation of more hotels, camp sites, hiking trails, bicycle paths, and other tourist services have significantly increased the number of tourists in Moselle. During the French Revolution and the First Empire a large number of churches were destroyed, but in 1823 the diocese of Belley was refounded. At the end of 1815 Austria transferred all these territories to Prussia, making for the first time a shared border for those two states. If the Moselle department still existed in its limits of between 1815–1871, its population at the 1999 French census would have been 1,089,804 inhabitants. The new Moselle department now reached its current area of 6,216 km² (2,400 sq. Educational services as well as health and social services are also sought after. Since then, one academic has argued that a consensus has been reached in the region regarding pollution, which is seen as the price of continuing the steel industry.[4]. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. Commemorating this tragic era are: the monument of the Maquis in Cerdon, the memorial of the children of Izieu and the museum of the resistance and deportation in Nantua. In addition to a multitude of SME's, several big enterprises of international reputation are situated in Ain, such as: Roset-Cinna, Grosfillex, Volvo, Carrier, Smoby-Berchet, CIAT, Renault Trucks, Tréfileurope. The German dialect is found primarily in the northeast section of the department, which borders Alsace, Luxembourg, and Germany. The angling and cycling tourism (27 circuits with altogether more than 1,500 km) attracts numerous visitors each year. In addition, France had to cede to Austria the area of Rehlingen (now in Saarland) as well as the strategic fort-town of Saarlouis and the territory around it, all territories and towns which France had controlled since the 17th century, and which formed part of the Moselle department since 1790. The Centre for University Studies, which has been relocated from the University Jean Moulin in Lyon to Bourg-en-Bresse, has 540 students who pursue their studies in 6 different branches. Its tasks are, among others, applied research, technical support, technology transfer and the advanced technical education in the agro-industrial sector. Below you will find the localization of Loire on the map of France, and the satellite map of Loire. With more than a third of all employees working in the industrial and public works sector, Ain is holding the 6th rank of all departments in regards to the degree of industrialisation and is the most industrialised department within the region Rhône-Alpes. Industries have created vast land holdings in the valleys by buying land from agriculturists and profiting from water rights. The nuclear industry represents another economic factor. Its importance for the local economy can not be underestimated. They represent about a quarter of all employees in the services sector. In particular have to be mentioned the Bresse poultries ("volaille de Bresse"), the mold cheese ("Bleu") of Gex, Grièges and the Bresse, carps and sturgeons of the Dombes region as well as the wine of the Bugey. Many of the relevant statues continue to be referred to in the original German, as they have never been formally translated. Numerous castles were erected in a low rolling terrain that was not otherwise easily defended. The London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), 2009), This page was last edited on 18 August 2020, at 22:20. The statutes in question date primarily from the period 1871–1919 when the area was part of the German Empire. Thanks to its vast forests (more than a third of the department's surface) the timber industry employed in September 2007 approximately 4,500 workers. In 1992 the City of Bourg-en-Bresse, the department of Ain and the local Chamber of Industry and Commerce founded the technology platform "Alimentec". 52% of this amount (274 million €) is allotted to animal products (cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry, carp, milk) and 44% (240 million €) concern crop (cereals, oil plants, wine, vegetables, flowers). Apart from the aforementioned Plastics Valley and numerous smaller business parks which have been founded by local initiatives the large industrial park of the plain of Ain has to be mentioned. Several colleges and research institutions are in Bourg-en-Bresse, Ain, situated in aswell as one in Bellignat. Thus, the Moselle department was reborn, but with quite different borders from those before 1871. Law students may gain a diploma after 2 years of law study, a 'licence' after 3 years, or a Maîtrise after 4 years. Adolf Hitler considered Moselle and Alsace parts of Germany, and as a result the inhabitants were drafted into the German Wehrmacht. During the Second French Empire numerous churches were rebuilt, agriculture changed profoundly, and the railway expanded. More than three thirds of the expenses of the private households amounting to 4,4 billion € per year are feeding the commercial businesses inside the department which stand their ground vis-à-vis external competition. The Ecole Supérieure de Plasturgie provides 140 places for future plastics engineers and utilizes a pluridisciplinary research laboratory which qualifies advanced students, notably PhD students. Having lost the area of Briey, it had now gained the areas of Château-Salins and Sarrebourg which before 1871 had formed one-third of the Meurthe department and which had been part of the Reichsland of Alsace-Lorraine since 1871. The department of Val-de-Marne is located in the region of region of Île-de-France. The 349 enterprises which have settled here employ about 11,000 persons, more than a fourth of all employees of the tertiary sector (without public works). The total number of farms in the department amounts to 5,170, including 2,750 full-time farms. The Senators from the Ain are Sylvie Goy-Chavent (UDI), Rachel Mazuir (PS) and Patrick Chaize (The Republicans). World War II (1939–1945) vehemently struck the department of Ain and took its toll as 600 people were deported, half whom did not return. In Bresse, the agriculture and agro-industry are dominated by the cultivation of cereals, cattle breeding, milk and cheese production as well as poultry farming. Industrialization of the department began in Oyonnax and Bellegarde. The first inhabitants settled in the territory of today's Ain about 15000 BC. They are: modern foreign languages, being English-German and English-Spanish; economic and social administration; business administration; and 3 levels of study in law. During the season 2006 2.5 million nights have been passed in the department compared to 2.7 million in 2002 (source: Committee for Tourism in the Department of Ain, 2006). Bourg-en-Bresse became a bishop's see. For national and international flights the international airports of Lyon (Saint-Exupéry) and Geneva (Cointrin) are located within a rather short distance. The site helps local businesses to create pages showcasing their services, boosting their visibility and potential activity.[5]. The department of Loire has the number 42 and is divided into 3 districts, 40 townships and 327 municipalities. In the beginning of the 15th century almost the whole region of Ain was united under the house of Savoy. Foundry, metal processing and electrical industry occupy approximately 8,200 employees. It was created from the former province of Lorraine. Also situated in Bourg-en-Bresse is a branch of the Lyon faculty of education, providing 450 places for future school teachers. "Interwar politics in a French border region: the Moselle in the period of the Popular Front, 1934-1938." With 700 ha this park will certainly become a centre for heavy industries in the region Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes. In the 17th century sculpture, painting and literature prospered. In the south-east the territory of the Dombes has more than a thousand ponds and lakes. In the second half of the 20th century the industrialization of the department proceeded, favored by a narrow street and railway network. On the other hand, the Treaty confirmed the French annexations of 1793, and furthermore, the south of the Napoleonic département of Sarre was ceded to France, including the town of Lebach, the city of Saarbrücken, and the rich coal basin nearby. In the alphabetical numbering of French departments, Ain is assigned the number "01" as its department number. Ain disposes finally of several industrial parks. Ain is composed of four geographically different areas (Bresse, Dombes, Bugey and Pays de Gex) each of which contribute to the diverse and dynamic economic development of the department. ", Zanoun, Louisa. The activities of Alimentec focus on three priorities: ventilation systems, plastics packing and applied hygiene. Under the Merovingians, the four historic regions of the modern département belonged to the Kingdom of Burgundy. Despite its rural image the department of Ain is highly industrialised. In 843 the Treaty of Verdun assigned the territories that comprise the Ain to the kingdom of Lothar I (Lotharingia). The emblematic poultry industry in the Bresse employs only 350 persons. During the previous 25 years the number of farms has steadily diminished. Linguistically, Platt can be further subdivided into three varieties, going from east to west: Rhenish Franconian, Moselle Franconian, and Luxembourgish. A new TGV-connection through the Haut Bugey is under construction. [citation needed] The late-second century BC Calendar of Coligny, Ain, bears the oldest surviving Gaulish inscription. The department of Ain also contains two waterways, the rivers Saône and Rhone, on which building materials, such as gravel, are shipped. In December 2006 2,9% of the department's employment was related to the tourist sector (source: Committee for Tourism in the Department of Ain, 2006). In Bourg-en-Bresse they are the Centre for University Studies, Alimentec, the Ecole Supérieure de Plasturgie, the commercial college of the Chamber of Industry and Commerce, and a branch of the Lyon faculty of education. While there were 14 600 farms in 1979, only 11,320 were counted in 1988 and 6,320 in 2000. As a result, France ceded the exclave of Tholey (now in Saarland, Germany) as well as a few communes near Sierck-les-Bains (both territories until then part of the Moselle département) to Austria. The southern part of the department, especially around Saulnois, has remained more rural. All these new territories were incorporated into the Moselle department, and so Moselle had now a larger territory than ever since 1790.
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