la surface plane du plateau original finit par disparaître et seules les montagnes subsistent. Devastated by European diseases to which they had no immunity and civil wars, the Incas were defeated in 1532 by an alliance composed of tens of thousands of allies from nations they had subjugated (e.g. Coffre renforcé en argent ouvert: Objet fourni : Purian mûr: Description Les purians sont super bons, mais il vaut mieux les donner. It is bounded, approximately, by the Patagonian Andes, the Colorado River (except where the region extends north of the river into the Andean borderlands), the … [36] Much of the transportation of passengers is done via aircraft. The Andean volcanism is a result of subduction of the Nazca Plate and Antarctic Plate underneath the South American Plate. The majority consensus is that it derives from the Quechua word anti, which means "east"[1] as in Antisuyu (Quechua for "east region"),[1] one of the four regions of the Inca Empire. (Eds. It lies in west-central South America, where the Andes are at their widest, is the most extensive area of high plateau on Earth outside of Tibet. The Andes are a Mesozoic–Tertiary orogenic belt of mountains along the Pacific Ring of Fire, a zone of volcanic activity that encompasses the Pacific rim of the Americas as well as the Asia-Pacific region. Author of. The resultant mountain system exhibits an extraordinary vertical differential of more than 40,000 feet between the bottom of the Peru-Chile (Atacama) Trench off the Pacific coast of the continent and the peaks of the high mountains within a horizontal distance of less than 200 miles. The dry climate in the central western Andes has also led to the creation of extensive saltpeter deposits which were extensively mined until the invention of synthetic nitrates. Although Andean Amerindian peoples crafted ceremonial jewelry of gold and other metals, the mineralizations of the Andes were first mined on a large scale after the Spanish arrival. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Blackwell Publishing, 2003, Learn how and when to remove this template message, "Mountains, biodiversity and conservation", "Upper mantle structure beneath the Caribbean-South American plate boundary from surface wave tomography", "Uplift of the Central Andean Plateau and Bending of the Bolivian Orocline", 10.1130/0091-7613(1987)15<806:trotle>2.0.co;2, "The Maipo Orocline: A first scale structural feature in the Miocene to Recent geodynamic evolution in the central Chilean Andes", "The Pampean Orogeny of the southern proto-Andes: Cambrian continental collision in the Sierras de Córdoba", 10.1130/0016-7606(1991)103<0098:tfbatf>2.3.co;2, "Tropical and Subtropical Dry Broadleaf Forest Ecoregions", Blueplanetbiomes.org: Climate and animal life of the Andes, Discover-peru.org: Regions and Microclimates in the Andes, Peaklist.org: Complete list of mountains in South America with an elevation at/above 1,500 m (4,920 ft), List of countries where Arabic is an official language, Lower Gangetic Plains moist deciduous forests, Northwestern Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows, Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt pine–oak forests, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andes&oldid=996740112, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles containing Quechua-language text, Pages using infobox mountain with multiple parameters, Articles needing additional references from January 2011, All articles needing additional references, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Беларуская (тарашкевіца)‎, Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 28 December 2020, at 10:36. Located on a high-altitude plateau at the edge of the Andes Mountains, the province is responsible for roughly 70 percent of the country's annual wine production. Kuhle, M. (1990): The Probability of Proof in Geomorphology—an Example of the Application of Information Theory to a New Kind of Glacigenic Morphological Type, the Ice-marginal Ramp (Bortensander). The porphyry mineralization further benefited from the dry climate that let them largely out of the disturbing actions of meteoric water. Along their length, the Andes are split into several ranges, separated by intermediate depressions. (Elsevier B.V., Amsterdam). 1 : 7500000 USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics). In the extreme south, a major transform fault separates Tierra del Fuego from the small Scotia Plate. Elle est située entre 3 500 à 4 800 mètres d'altitude et s’étend au sud-est du Pérou. The Bolivian Orocline is a seaward concave bending in the coast of South America and the Andes Mountains at about 18° S.[5][6] At this point, the orientation of the Andes turns from Northwest in Peru to South in Chile and Argentina. Quand vous trouvez un coffre renforcé en … [16], Though precipitation increases with the height, there are semiarid conditions in the nearly 7,000-metre (22,966 ft) highest mountains of the Andes. A long series of cultural development culminated in the expansion of the Inca civilization and Inca Empire in the central Andes during the 15th century. Uyuni is a spectacularly giant salar and with a surface of >10,500 km 2 it is the largest salt pan of the Andes and on Earth (Risacher and Fritz, 1991; Kesler et al., 2012).This salt pan is located in the Altiplano at 3663 m a.s.l. Despite being a type location for calc-alkalic and subduction volcanism, the Andean Volcanic Belt has a large range of volcano-tectonic settings, such as rift systems and extensional zones, transpressional faults, subduction of mid-ocean ridges and seamount chains apart from a large range of crustal thicknesses and magma ascent paths, and different amount of crustal assimilations. Agent: MARCHANDS DES AMERIQUES INC. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). There is a long history of mining in the Andes, from the Spanish silver mines in Potosí in the 16th century to the vast current porphyry copper deposits of Chuquicamata and Escondida in Chile and Toquepala in Peru. (eds. In: Ehlers, J., Gibbard, P.L. The peak of Chimborazo in the Ecuadorian Andes is farther from the Earth's center than any other location on the Earth's surface, due to the equatorial bulge resulting from the Earth's rotation. mais sur des périodes de temps géologique, les plus hauts sommets permettent de représenter approximativement la surface du plateau original. Early Mesozoic and Neogene plutonism in Bolivia's Cordillera Central created the Bolivian tin belt as well as the famous, now depleted, deposits of Cerro Rico de Potosí. The 2000 km by 300 km Altiplano–Puna Plateau of the central Andean orogen is the second largest continental plateau on Earth (Fig. Development of an incipient Paleogene topography between the present-day Andean plateau (Puna) and the Eastern Cordillera, southern Central Andes, NW Argentina Article Sep 2020 the Plomo glacier and the Horcones glaciers, do not even reach 10 km (6.2 mi) in length and have an only insignificant ice thickness. The highest peak is Aconcagua of Argentina (see below). It is the result of a convergent plate boundary between the Nazca Plate and … Res. Please select which sections you would like to print: Corrections? The Andes Mountains form a north–south axis of cultural influences. Kuhle, M. (2011): The High-Glacial (Last Glacial Maximum) Glacier Cover of the Aconcagua Group and Adjacent Massifs in the Mendoza Andes (South America) with a Closer Look at Further Empirical Evidence. In: GeoJournal 21 (3); Kluwer, Dordrecht/ Boston/ London: 195–222. The potato holds a very important role as an internally consumed staple crop. Définition ou synonyme. The world's highest volcanoes are in the Andes, including Ojos del Salado on the Chile-Argentina border, which rises to 6,893 m (22,615 ft). Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, https://www.britannica.com/place/Andes-Mountains, LiveScience - Andes: World's Longest Mountain Range, Maps of World - Andes Mountain, South America, Andes - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Andes - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), Researcher’s Note: Height of Mount Aconcagua. Huancas, Chachapoyas, Cañaris) and a small army of 180 Spaniards led by Francisco Pizarro. Since the Dry Andes extend from the latitudes of Atacama Desert to the area of Maule River, precipitation is more sporadic and there are strong temperature oscillations. The cities of Caracas, Valencia, and Maracay are in the Venezuelan Coastal Range, which is a debatable extension of the Andes at the northern extremity of South America. About 30,000 species of vascular plants live in the Andes, with roughly half being endemic to the region, surpassing the diversity of any other hotspot. In modern times, the largest cities in the Andes are Bogotá, with a population of about eight million, and Santiago, Medellín, and Cali. It is the result of a convergent plate boundary between the Nazca Plate and the South American Plate. hauts plateaux semi arides des Andes — Solutions pour Mots fléchés et mots croisés. In unirrigated land, pasture is the most common type of land use. Placez un Purian mûr sur le Plateau d’offrande de la Statue de régisseur. The history of the Puna Plateau and its marginal basins and ranges in the Eastern Cordillera and the northern Sierras Pampeanas structural provinces in northwestern Argentina impressively documents the effects of tectonics and topography on atmospheric circulation patterns, the successive evolution of orographic barriers, as well as their influence on erosion and sedimentation processes. Kuhle, M. (1989): Ice-Marginal Ramps: An Indicator of Semiarid Piedmont Glaciations. The Andes are the location of several high plateaus—some of which host major cities such as Quito, Bogotá, Cali, Arequipa, Medellín, Bucaramanga, Sucre, Mérida and La Paz. There were patches of grass, stones and at the distance were the snow-capped volcanoes. Yet another result of the dry climate are the salars of Atacama and Uyuni, the first one being the largest source of lithium today and the second the world's largest reserve of the element. At glacial times, however, c. 20,000 years ago, the glaciers were over ten times longer. In: GeoJournal 14 (4); Kluwer, Dordrecht/ Boston/ London: 393–421. [6] The Andean segment north and south of the Orocline have been rotated 15° to 20° counter clockwise and clockwise respectively. For example, the main crossover of the Andes between Argentina and Chile is still accomplished through the Paso Internacional Los Libertadores. The World Atlas. The Andean mountain system is the result of global plate-tectonic forces during the Cenozoic Era (roughly the past 65 million years) that built upon earlier geologic activity. Kuhle, M. (1984): Spuren hocheiszeitlicher Gletscherbedeckung in der Aconcagua-Gruppe (32–33° S). It was sundown and the local vendors were no longer there. The large ice field corresponds to the southern slope of, Map of South America showing the Andes running along the entire western part (roughly parallel to the Pacific coast) of the continent, Teofilo Laime Ajacopa, Diccionario Bilingüe Iskay simipi yuyayk'ancha, La Paz, 2007 (Quechua–Spanish dictionary), Jan-Christoph Otto, Joachim Götz, Markus Keuschnig, Ingo Hartmeyer, Dario Trombotto, and Lothar Schrott (2010). It is at between 4,500 and 4,800 m (14,764 and 15,748 ft) in the tropical Ecuadorian, Colombian, Venezuelan, and northern Peruvian Andes, rising to 4,800–5,200 m (15,748–17,060 ft) in the drier mountains of southern Peru south to northern Chile south to about 30°S before descending to 4,500 m (14,760 ft) on Aconcagua at 32°S, 2,000 m (6,600 ft) at 40°S, 500 m (1,640 ft) at 50°S, and only 300 m (980 ft) in Tierra del Fuego at 55°S; from 50°S, several of the larger glaciers descend to sea level.[15]. Parts of the La Paz conurbation, including the city of El Alto, extend up to 4,200 m (13,780 ft). Rundsch. It is an elongate region of subdued relief, ∼1.2 × 10 5 km 2 and ∼4 km above sea level, bounded by the Eastern Cordillera and volcanic arc (Western Cordillera). [32], Lake Titicaca hosts several endemics, among them the highly endangered Titicaca flightless grebe[32] and Titicaca water frog. Omissions? The ancient peoples of the Andes such as the Incas have practiced irrigation techniques for over 6,000 years. Explore the most popular trails in Réserve naturelle du plateau des Landes with hand-curated trail maps and driving directions as well as detailed reviews and photos from hikers, campers and nature lovers … It was during the Cretaceous Period that the Andes began to take their present form, by the uplifting, faulting and folding of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks of the ancient cratons to the east. Regardless, in modern times the clearance has accelerated, and the trees are now considered to be highly endangered, with some believing that as little as 10% of the original woodland remains. The Andes rose to fame for their mineral wealth during the Spanish conquest of South America. These ranges are in turn grouped into three major divisions based on climate: the Tropical Andes, the Dry Andes, and the Wet Andes. The range is 7,000 km (4,350 mi) long, 200 to 700 km (124 to 435 mi) wide (widest between 18°S - 20°S latitude), and has an average height of about 4,000 m (13,123 ft). The Andes consist of a vast series of extremely high plateaus surmounted by even higher peaks that form an unbroken rampart over a distance of some 5,500 miles (8,900 kilometres)—from the southern tip of South America to the continent’s northernmost coast on the Caribbean. The accepted time period for their rise had been from about 15 million to 6 million years ago. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). The Chilean Army and Chilean Navy defeated the combined forces of Bolivia and Peru, and Chile took over Bolivia's only province on the Pacific Coast, some land from Peru that was returned to Peru decades later. The Altiplano (Spanish for "high plain"), Collao (Quechua and Aymara: Qullaw, meaning "place of the Qulla") or Andean Plateau, in west-central South America, is the area where the Andes are the widest. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. 1a).The plateau has an average surface elevation of approximately 4000 m above sea level and formed in a non-collisional plate tectonic setting as a consequence of lithospheric shortening due to convergence of the oceanic Nazca Plate and the … It perhaps is more reasonable to ascribe it to the anta of the older Aymara language, which connotes copper colour generally. This subduction-uplift process was accompanied by the intrusion of considerable quantities of magma from the mantle, first in the form of a volcanic arc along the western edge of the South American Plate and later by the injection of hot solutions into surrounding continental rocks; the latter process created numerous dikes and veins containing concentrations of economically valuable minerals that later were to play a critical role in the human occupation of the Andes. For decades, Chile claimed ownership of land on the eastern side of the Andes. Updates? Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Some historians believe the name Andes comes from the Quechuan word anti (“east”); others suggest it is derived from the Quechuan anta (“copper”). Stuart, Hoffmann, Chanson, Cox, Berridge, Ramani and Young, editors (2008). There is no universal agreement about the major north-south subdivisions of the Andes system. [12] The climate in the Andes varies greatly depending on latitude, altitude, and proximity to the sea. [32], A number of species such as the royal cinclodes and white-browed tit-spinetail are associated with Polylepis, and consequently also threatened.[32]. Kuhle, M. (1988): Subtropical Mountain- and Highland-Glaciation as Ice Age Triggers and the Waning of the Glacial Periods in the Pleistocene. The directional trend of both the cordilleras generally is north-south, but in several places the Cordillera Oriental bulges eastward to form either isolated peninsula-like ranges or such high intermontane plateau regions as the Altiplano (Spanish: “High Plateau”), occupying adjoining parts of Argentina, Chile, Bolivia, and Peru. 20, 1–35, Berlin. Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille 1, Laboratoire Géosystèmes, 59655 Villeneuve d'ascq, France ... We analyze the spatiotemporal progression of basin isolation and filling at the eastern margin of the Puna Plateau of the Argentine Andes to determine if the topography predicted by such models is observed. Temperature, atmospheric pressure and humidity decrease in higher elevations. In: Zentralblatt für Geologie und Paläontologie Teil 1 11/12, Verhandlungsblatt des Südamerika-Symposiums 1984 in Bamberg: 1635–1646. Etude du cycle saisonnier et de l ’ évolution interrannuelle des precipitations dans les Andes (région de l ’ Altiplano) à partir des données satellites CHIRPS. The collision (or convergence) of two of these plates—the continental South American Plate and the oceanic Nazca Plate—gave rise to the orogenic (mountain-building) activity that produced the Andes. The Andes are not a single line of formidable peaks but rather a succession of parallel and transverse mountain ranges, or cordilleras, and of intervening plateaus and depressions. Also, by early sowing, maize can be cultivated higher up in the mountains (up to 3,800 m (12,500 ft)). I was so thrilled to be standing at 16,000 feet above sea level, the highest I have ever been to. Opposite of the humid Andean slopes are the relatively dry Andean slopes in most of western Peru, Chile and Argentina. Release: October 31, 2020. [13] Further south in southern Patagonia the onset of the Andean orogeny caused the Magallanes Basin to evolve from being an extensional back-arc basin in the Mesozoic to being a compressional foreland basin in the Cenozoic.[14]. [32] These forest-types, which includes the Yungas and parts of the Chocó, are very rich in flora and fauna, although few large mammals exist, exceptions being the threatened mountain tapir, spectacled bear and yellow-tailed woolly monkey. From south to north these are the Southern Andes, consisting of the Chilean, Fuegian, and Patagonian cordilleras; the Central Andes, including the Peruvian cordilleras; and the Northern Andes, encompassing the Ecuadorian, Colombian, and Venezuelan (or Caribbean) cordilleras. In: GeoJournal 18; Kluwer, Dordrecht/ Boston/ London: 223–238. Citation: ANCORP Working Group, Seismic imaging of a convergent continental margin and plateau in the central Andes (Andean Continental Research Project 1996 (ANCORP’96)), J. Geophys. Across the 1,000 km (620 mi) wide Drake Passage lie the mountains of the Antarctic Peninsula south of the Scotia Plate which appear to be a continuation of the Andes chain. The rise of the Andes has not been constant, as different regions have had different degrees of tectonic stress, uplift, and erosion. However, there is one railroad that connects Chile with Peru via the Andes, and there are others that make the same connection via southern Bolivia. The Andean region cuts across several natural and floristic regions due to its extension from Caribbean Venezuela to cold, windy and wet Cape Horn passing through the hyperarid Atacama Desert. Bolivia has been a completely landlocked country ever since. Geomorphological and geophysical investigation of a complex rock glacier system—Morenas Coloradas valley (Cordon del Plata, Mendoza, Argentina). The Andes Mountains also contain large quantities of iron ore located in many mountains within the range. The diversity of animals in the Andes is high, with almost 600 species of mammals (13% endemic), more than 1,700 species of birds (about 1/3 endemic), more than 600 species of reptile (about 45% endemic), and almost 400 species of fish (about 1/3 endemic). The southern section is rainy and cool, the central section is dry. In addition it makes cropping in the dry season (winter) possible and allows the cultivation of frost resistant vegetable crops like onion and carrot.[37]. However, through the use of more advanced techniques, researchers in the early 21st century were able to determine that the uplift started much earlier, about 25 million years ago. sales tax. [30], Birds of humid Andean forests include mountain-toucans, quetzals and the Andean cock-of-the-rock, while mixed species flocks dominated by tanagers and furnariids commonly are seen – in contrast to several vocal but typically cryptic species of wrens, tapaculos and antpittas. Terracing, however, was only extensively employed after Incan imperial expansions to fuel their expanding realm. The Andes range has many active volcanoes distributed in four volcanic zones separated by areas of inactivity. Development in Quaternary Science, vol. Lettres connues et inconnues Entrez les lettres connues dans l'ordre et remplacez les lettres inconnues par un espace, un point, une virgule ou une étoile. Kuhle, M. (1986): Die Vergletscherung Tibets und die Entstehung von Eiszeiten. The Andes Mountains are the highest mountain range outside Asia. Development in Quaternary Science, Vol. The rough terrain has historically put the costs of building highways and railroads that cross the Andes out of reach of most neighboring countries, even with modern civil engineering practices. Andes Plateau, 700, Chile, 2012. Along with several Interandean Valles, they are typically dominated by deciduous woodland, shrub and xeric vegetation, reaching the extreme in the slopes near the virtually lifeless Atacama Desert. Tectonic forces above the subduction zone along the entire west coast of South America where the Nazca Plate and a part of the Antarctic Plate are sliding beneath the South American Plate continue to produce an ongoing orogenic event resulting in minor to major earthquakes and volcanic eruptions to this day. The Bolivian Altiplano, in the Central Andes of South America, is part of the second largest high plateau on Earth. From a geographical approach, the Andes are considered to have their western boundaries marked by the appearance of coastal lowlands and a less rugged topography. The parallel Sierra of Andes delimit one of the world highest plateaux: the Altiplano, (Spanish for "high plain"), Andean Plateau or Bolivian Plateau. Rainforests exist just kilometres away from the snow-covered peak Cotopaxi. The Andes contain the highest peaks in the Western Hemisphere. Kuhle, M. (1987): Subtropical Mountain- and Highland-Glaciation as Ice Age Triggers and the Waning of the Glacial Periods in the Pleistocene. Plateau des landes 05 Les étangs Blendecques.jpg 4,288 × 2,848; 5.97 MB Périmètre RNR Plateau des landes rnr210.png 1,874 × 883; 1.05 MB Salamandre Heuringhem Mars 1991.jpg 827 × 518; 455 KB Encadrant : Hans Segura [email protected] English: The Altiplano is a plateau located in the southern tropical Andes between 20S and 15S and above 3000 m.a.s.l. Woodbine Parish and Joseph Barclay Pentland surveyed a large part of the Bolivian Andes from 1826 to 1827. Andes Mountains, South American mountain system that contains the highest peaks in the Western Hemisphere. Andes Mountains, also called the Andes, Spanish Cordillera de los Andes or Los Andes, mountain system of South America and one of the great natural features of the Earth. The Andes are also part of the American Cordillera, a chain of mountain ranges (cordillera) that consists of an almost continuous sequence of mountain ranges that form the western "backbone" of North America, Central America, South America and Antarctica. Recherche - Définition. Distinct eastern and western ranges—respectively named the Cordillera Oriental and the Cordillera Occidental—are characteristic of most of the system. The Andes are the result of tectonic plate processes, caused by the subduction of oceanic crust beneath the South American Plate. ), 735–738. ; Hughes, P.D. Other cities in or near the Andes include Bariloche, Catamarca, Jujuy, Mendoza, Salta, San Juan, and Tucumán in Argentina; Calama and Rancagua in Chile; Cochabamba, Oruro, Potosí, Sucre, Sacaba, Tarija, and Yacuiba in Bolivia; Arequipa, Cajamarca, Cusco, Huancayo, Huánuco, Huaraz, Juliaca, and Puno in Peru; Ambato, Cuenca, Ibarra, Loja, Quito, Riobamba and Tulcán in Ecuador; Armenia, Cúcuta, Bucaramanga, Duitama, Ibagué, Ipiales, Manizales, Palmira, Pasto, Pereira, Popayán, Sogamoso, Tunja, and Villavicencio in Colombia; and Barquisimeto, La Grita, Mérida, San Cristóbal, Tovar, Trujillo, and Valera in Venezuela.